Systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma, is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by excessive fibrosis, or hardening, of the skin and internal organs due to abnormal collagen deposition. This condition can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, kidneys, heart, and muscles. The exact cause of systemic sclerosis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors that trigger an abnormal immune response, leading to inflammation and excessive production of collagen. Common symptoms include thickened, tight skin, especially on the hands and face, Raynaud's phenomenon (a condition where fingers and toes turn white or blue in response to cold or stress), joint pain, digestive issues, and shortness of breath due to lung involvement. Treatment for systemic sclerosis focuses on managing symptoms, slowing disease progression, and preventing complications. Medications such as immunosuppressants, anti-inflammatory drugs, and vasodilators may be prescribed to reduce immune activity, alleviate pain, and improve blood flow. For skin and lung fibrosis, antifibrotic agents can help limit tissue scarring. Physical therapy and occupational therapy are often recommended to maintain mobility and function. In severe cases, organ-specific treatments or interventions, such as oxygen therapy for lung disease or dialysis for kidney involvement, may be necessary. Early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach involving rheumatologists, dermatologists, pulmonologists, and other specialists are essential for optimal management and improving quality of life for individuals with systemic sclerosis.
